Flight Feathers - The Flight Feathers of Birds

Feathers are a unique characteristic of birds and are a key requirement for flight. Feathers are arranged in a precise pattern over the wing. When the bird takes to the air, its wing feathers spread to create an aerodynamic surface. When the bird lands, feathers are flexible enough in their arrangement to enable the wing to fold neatly against the birds body without bending or damaging the flight feathers. Flight Feathers The following feathers make up the typical birds wing: Primaries: Elongated flight feathers that grow out from the end of the wings (the hand area of the wing). Birds typically have 9-10 primaries.Secondaries: Long flight feathers positioned just behind the primaries and grow out from the forearm area of the wing. Many birds have six secondary feathers.Tertials: Three flight feathers that are closest to the birds body along the wing, located next to the secondaries.Remiges: A term used to refer to primaries, secondaries, and tertials together.Greater primary coverts: Feathers that overlap the base of the primaries.Greater secondary coverts: Feathers that overlap the base of the secondaries.Median secondary coverts: Feathers that overlap the base of the greater secondary coverts.Lesser secondary coverts: Feathers that overlap the base of the median secondary coverts.Alula: The feathers that grow from the thumb area of the wing on the leading edge of the wing.Primary projection: The section of the primaries that, when the wing is folded, p roject beyond the tips of the tertials and sit at an angle towards the tail.Underwing coverts: Located on the underside of the wing, underwing coverts create a lining at the base of the flight feathers.Auxiliaries: Also located on the underside of the wing, the auxiliaries cover the armpit area of the birds wing, smoothing the area where the wing meets the body. Reference Sibley, D.A. 2002. Sibleys Birding Basics. New York: Alfred A. Knopf

Chesapeake Energy Corporation Is The Second Largest...

The Companies Chesapeake Energy Corporation is the second-largest producer of natural gas and the tenth-largest producer of liquids in the United States. It owns interests in approximately 46,800 natural gas and oil wells that produced a net interest average of approximately 665 mboe per day in the 2013 fourth quarter. The company has a large and geographically diverse resource base of onshore U.S. unconventional natural gas and liquids assets. It also owns substantial marketing, compression and oilfield services businesses. Cabot Oil Gas Corporation is an independent oil and gas company engaged in the development, exploitation and exploration of oil and gas properties. Its assets are concentrated in areas with known hydrocarbon resources conducive to multi-well, repeatable drilling programs. It operates in one segment, natural gas and oil development, exploitation, exploration and production, with all located in the continental U.S. Cabot is the thirteenth largest producer of natural gas in the U.S. In addition to the competition between the two firms addressed, fierce competition exists from other oil and gas producers, particularly ExxonMobil, the number one producer of natural gas in the United States. Macroeconomic Risks Both Chesapeake’s and Cabot’s revenues, operating results, financial condition and ability to obtain outside capital depends substantially on prevailing prices for natural gas and oil. Lower commodity prices may reduce the amount of natural gas andShow MoreRelatedChesapeake Energy Is The Second Largest Producer Of Natural Gas2324 Words   |  10 PagesExecutive summary Chesapeake Energy is the second largest producer of natural gas in United States. The company invented horizontal drilling and proved to be an expert of unconventional drilling. Having the drive and commitment to achieve great accomplishments Chesapeake managed to set operation efficiency standard in the industry with their core values of integrity, trust and transparency. Although having financial issues with acquiring more debt and less liquid capital, the company managed toRead MoreInternational Business3096 Words   |  13 Pagesoperation in Melbourne in 1885 which is one of Australia’s largest and oldest companies, and it focused on development, discovery, production, and marketing of natural resources. In value-added flat steel products, BHP was also a market leader. In 1860, Billiton was established in The Hague, Netherlands. Billiton developed a growing and substantial copper portfolio. It was also a global leader in the metals and mining sector, and a major producer of aluminum and alumina, steaming coal, nickel, and titaniumRead MoreExxon Mobile Capstone40455 Words   |  162 Pages............................................................10   MACRO  ENVIRONMENTAL  FORCES  ANALYSIS,  ECONOMIC  TRENDS  AND  ETHICAL  CONCERNS .....................................................................10   Upstream  and  Downstream  Oil  and  Natural  Gas ............................................................................................................................. 10   Petrochemical  Industry ...........................................................................................Read MoreDamodaran Book on Investment Valuation, 2nd Edition398423 Words   |  1594 PagesINVESTMENT VALUATION: SECOND EDITION I will be putting my entire second edition online, while the book goes through the printing process - it will be available at the end of the year. This may seem like a bit of a free lunch, and I guess it is. I hope, though, that you can do me a favor as you go through the manuscript. If you find any mistakes - mathematical or grammatical - could you please let me know? It would help me ensure that the typos do not find their way into the final version. Chapter

A Game of Thrones Chapter Four Free Essays

Eddard The visitors poured through the castle gates in a river of gold and silver and polished steel, three hundred strong, a pride of bannermen and knights, of sworn swords and freeriders. Over their heads a dozen golden banners whipped back and forth in the northern wind, emblazoned with the crowned stag of Baratheon. Ned knew many of the riders. We will write a custom essay sample on A Game of Thrones Chapter Four or any similar topic only for you Order Now There came Ser Jaime Lannister with hair as bright as beaten gold, and there Sandor Clegane with his terrible burned face. The tall boy beside him could only be the crown prince, and that stunted little man behind them was surely the Imp, Tyrion Lannister. Yet the huge man at the head of the column, flanked by two knights in the snow-white cloaks of the Kingsguard, seemed almost a stranger to Ned . . . until he vaulted off the back of his warhorse with a familiar roar, and crushed him in a bone-crunching hug. â€Å"Ned! Ah, but it is good to see that frozen face of yours.† The king looked him over top to bottom, and laughed. â€Å"You have not changed at all.† Would that Ned had been able to say the same. Fifteen years past, when they had ridden forth to win a throne, the Lord of Storm’s End had been clean-shaven, clear-eyed, and muscled like a maiden’s fantasy. Six and a half feet tall, he towered over lesser men, and when he donned his armor and the great antlered helmet of his House, he became a veritable giant. He’d had a giant’s strength too, his weapon of choice a spiked iron warhammer that Ned could scarcely lift. In those days, the smell of leather and blood had clung to him like perfume. Now it was perfume that clung to him like perfume, and he had a girth to match his height. Ned had last seen the king nine years before during Balon Greyjoy’s rebellion, when the stag and the direwolf had joined to end the pretensions of the self-proclaimed King of the IronIslands. Since the night they had stood side by side in Greyjoy’s fallen stronghold, where Robert had accepted the rebel lord’s surrender and Ned had taken his son Theon as hostage and ward, the king had gained at least eight stone. A beard as coarse and black as iron wire covered his jaw to hide his double chin and the sag of the royal jowls, but nothing could hide his stomach or the dark circles under his eyes. Yet Robert was Ned’s king now, and not just a friend, so he said only, â€Å"Your Grace. Winterfell is yours.† By then the others were dismounting as well, and grooms were coming forward for their mounts. Robert’s queen, Cersei Lannister, entered on foot with her younger children. The wheelhouse in which they had ridden, a huge double-decked carriage of oiled oak and gilded metal pulled by forty heavy draft horses, was too wide to pass through the castle gate. Ned knelt in the snow to kiss the queen’s ring, while Robert embraced Catelyn like a long-lost sister. Then the children had been brought forward, introduced, and approved of by both sides. No sooner had those formalities of greeting been completed than the king had said to his host, â€Å"Take me down to your crypt, Eddard. I would pay my respects.† Ned loved him for that, for remembering her still after all these years. He called for a lantern. No other words were needed. The queen had begun to protest. They had been riding since dawn, everyone was tired and cold, surely they should refresh themselves first. The dead would wait. She had said no more than that; Robert had looked at her, and her twin brother Jaime had taken her quietly by the arm, and she had said no more. They went down to the crypt together, Ned and this king he scarcely recognized. The winding stone steps were narrow. Ned went first with the lantern. â€Å"I was starting to think we would never reach Winterfell,† Robert complained as they descended. â€Å"In the south, the way they talk about my Seven Kingdoms, a man forgets that your part is as big as the other six combined.† â€Å"I trust you enjoyed the journey, Your Grace?† Robert snorted. â€Å"Bogs and forests and fields, and scarcely a decent inn north of the Neck. I’ve never seen such a vast emptiness. Where are all your people?† â€Å"Likely they were too shy to come out,† Ned jested. He could feel the chill coming up the stairs, a cold breath from deep within the earth. â€Å"Kings are a rare sight in the north.† Robert snorted. â€Å"More likely they were hiding under the snow. Snow, Ned!† The king put one hand on the wall to steady himself as they descended. â€Å"Late summer snows are common enough,† Ned said. â€Å"I hope they did not trouble you. They are usually mild.† â€Å"The Others take your mild snows,† Robert swore. â€Å"What will this place be like in winter? I shudder to think.† â€Å"The winters are hard,† Ned admitted. â€Å"But the Starks will endure. We always have.† â€Å"You need to come south,† Robert told him. â€Å"You need a taste of summer before it flees. In Highgarden there are fields of golden roses that stretch away as far as the eye can see. The fruits are so ripe they explode in your mouth—melons, peaches, fireplums, you’ve never tasted such sweetness. You’ll see, I brought you some. Even at Storm’s End, with that good wind off the bay, the days are so hot you can barely move. And you ought to see the towns, Ned! Flowers everywhere, the markets bursting with food, the summerwines so cheap and so good that you can get drunk just breathing the air. Everyone is fat and drunk and rich.† He laughed and slapped his own ample stomach a thump. â€Å"And the girls, Ned!† he exclaimed, his eyes sparkling. â€Å"I swear, women lose all modesty in the heat. They swim naked in the river, right beneath the castle. Even in the streets, it’s too damn hot for wool or fur, so they go around in t hese short gowns, silk if they have the silver and cotton if not, but it’s all the same when they start sweating and the cloth sticks to their skin, they might as well be naked.† The king laughed happily. Robert Baratheon had always been a man of huge appetites, a man who knew how to take his pleasures. That was not a charge anyone could lay at the door of Eddard Stark. Yet Ned could not help but notice that those pleasures were taking a toll on the king. Robert was breathing heavily by the time they reached the bottom of the stairs, his face red in the lantern light as they stepped out into the darkness of the crypt. â€Å"Your Grace,† Ned said respectfully. He swept the lantern in a wide semicircle. Shadows moved and lurched. Flickering light touched the stones underfoot and brushed against a long procession of granite pillars that marched ahead, two by two, into the dark. Between the pillars, the dead sat on their stone thrones against the walls, backs against the sepulchres that contained their mortal remains. â€Å"She is down at the end, with Father and Brandon.† He led the way between the pillars and Robert followed wordlessly, shivering in the subterranean chill. It was always cold down here. Their footsteps rang off the stones and echoed in the vault overhead as they walked among the dead of House Stark. The Lords of Winterfell watched them pass. Their likenesses were carved into the stones that sealed the tombs. In long rows they sat, blind eyes staring out into eternal darkness, while great stone direwolves curled round their feet. The shifting shadows made the stone figures seem to stir as the living passed by. By ancient custom an iron longsword had been laid across the lap of each who had been Lord of Winterfell, to keep the vengeful spirits in their crypts. The oldest had long ago rusted away to nothing, leaving only a few red stains where the metal had rested on stone. Ned wondered if that meant those ghosts were free to roam the castle now. He hoped not. The first Lords of Winterfell had been men hard as the land they ruled. In the centuries before the Dragonlords came over the sea, they had sworn allegiance to no man, styling themselves the Kings in the North. Ned stopped at last and lifted the oil lantern. The crypt continued on into darkness ahead of them, but beyond this point the tombs were empty and unsealed; black holes waiting for their dead, waiting for him and his children. Ned did not like to think on that. â€Å"Here,† he told his king. Robert nodded silently, knelt, and bowed his head. There were three tombs, side by side. Lord Rickard Stark, Ned’s father, had a long, stern face. The stonemason had known him well. He sat with quiet dignity, stone fingers holding tight to the sword across his lap, but in life all swords had failed him. In two smaller sepulchres on either side were his children. Brandon had been twenty when he died, strangled by order of the Mad King Aerys Targaryen only a few short days before he was to wed Catelyn Tully of Riverrun. His father had been forced to watch him die. He was the true heir, the eldest, born to rule. Lyanna had only been sixteen, a child-woman of surpassing loveliness. Ned had loved her with all his heart. Robert had loved her even more. She was to have been his bride. â€Å"She was more beautiful than that,† the king said after a silence. His eyes lingered on Lyanna’s face, as if he could will her back to life. Finally he rose, made awkward by his weight. â€Å"Ah, damn it, Ned, did you have to bury her in a place like this?† His voice was hoarse with remembered grief. â€Å"She deserved more than darkness . . . â€Å" â€Å"She was a Stark of Winterfell,† Ned said quietly. â€Å"This is her place.† â€Å"She should be on a hill somewhere, under a fruit tree, with the sun and clouds above her and the rain to wash her clean.† â€Å"I was with her when she died,† Ned reminded the king. â€Å"She wanted to come home, to rest beside Brandon and Father.† He could hear her still at times. Promise me, she had cried, in a room that smelled of blood and roses. Promise me, Ned. The fever had taken her strength and her voice had been faint as a whisper, but when he gave her his word, the fear had gone out of his sister’s eyes. Ned remembered the way she had smiled then, how tightly her fingers had clutched his as she gave up her hold on life, the rose petals spilling from her palm, dead and black. After that he remembered nothing. They had found him still holding her body, silent with grief. The little crannogman, Howland Reed, had taken her hand from his. Ned could recall none of it. â€Å"I bring her flowers when I can,† he said. â€Å"Lyanna was . . . fond of flowers.† The king touched her cheek, his fingers brushing across the rough stone as gently as if it were living flesh. â€Å"I vowed to kill Rhaegar for what he did to her.† â€Å"You did,† Ned reminded him. â€Å"Only once,† Robert said bitterly. They had come together at the ford of the Trident while the battle crashed around them, Robert with his warhammer and his great antlered helm, the Targaryen prince armored all in black. On his breastplate was the three-headed dragon of his House, wrought all in rubies that flashed like fire in the sunlight. The waters of the Trident ran red around the hooves of their destriers as they circled and clashed, again and again, until at last a crushing blow from Robert’s hammer stove in the dragon and the chest beneath it. When Ned had finally come on the scene, Rhaegar lay dead in the stream, while men of both armies scrabbled in the swirling waters for rubies knocked free of his armor. â€Å"In my dreams, I kill him every night,† Robert admitted. â€Å"A thousand deaths will still be less than he deserves.† There was nothing Ned could say to that. After a quiet, he said, â€Å"We should return, Your Grace. Your wife will be waiting.† â€Å"The Others take my wife,† Robert muttered sourly, but he started back the way they had come, his footsteps falling heavily. â€Å"And if I hear ‘Your Grace’ once more, I’ll have your head on a spike. We are more to each other than that.† â€Å"I had not forgotten,† Ned replied quietly. When the king did not answer, he said, â€Å"Tell me about Jon.† Robert shook his head. â€Å"I have never seen a man sicken so quickly. We gave a tourney on my son’s name day. If you had seen Jon then, you would have sworn he would live forever. A fortnight later he was dead. The sickness was like a fire in his gut. It burned right through him.† He paused beside a pillar, before the tomb of a long-dead Stark. â€Å"I loved that old man.† â€Å"We both did.† Ned paused a moment. â€Å"Catelyn fears for her sister. How does Lysa bear her grief?† Robert’s mouth gave a bitter twist. â€Å"Not well, in truth,† he admitted. â€Å"I think losing Jon has driven the woman mad, Ned. She has taken the boy back to the Eyrie. Against my wishes. I had hoped to foster him with Tywin Lannister at Casterly Rock. Jon had no brothers, no other sons. Was I supposed to leave him to be raised by women?† Ned would sooner entrust a child to a pit viper than to Lord Tywin, but he left his doubts unspoken. Some old wounds never truly heal, and bleed again at the slightest word. â€Å"The wife has lost the husband,† he said carefully. â€Å"Perhaps the mother feared to lose the son. The boy is very young.† â€Å"Six, and sickly, and Lord of the Eyrie, gods have mercy,† the king swore. â€Å"Lord Tywin had never taken a ward before. Lysa ought to have been honored. The Lannisters are a great and noble House. She refused to even hear of it. Then she left in the dead of night, without so much as a by-your-leave. Cersei was furious.† He sighed deeply. â€Å"The boy is my namesake, did you know that? Robert Arryn. I am sworn to protect him. How can I do that if his mother steals him away?† â€Å"I will take him as ward, if you wish,† Ned said. â€Å"Lysa should consent to that. She and Catelyn were close as girls, and she would be welcome here as well.† â€Å"A generous offer, my friend,† the king said, â€Å"but too late. Lord Tywin has already given his consent. Fostering the boy elsewhere would be a grievous affront to him.† â€Å"I have more concern for my nephew’s welfare than I do for Lannister pride,† Ned declared. â€Å"That is because you do not sleep with a Lannister.† Robert laughed, the sound rattling among the tombs and bouncing from the vaulted ceiling. His smile was a flash of white teeth in the thicket of the huge black beard. â€Å"Ah, Ned,† he said, â€Å"you are still too serious.† He put a massive arm around Ned’s shoulders. â€Å"I had planned to wait a few days to speak to you, but I see now there’s no need for it. Come, walk with me.† They started back down between the pillars. Blind stone eyes seemed to follow them as they passed. The king kept his arm around Ned’s shoulder. â€Å"You must have wondered why I finally came north to Winterfell, after so long.† Ned had his suspicions, but he did not give them voice. â€Å"For the joy of my company, surely,† he said lightly. â€Å"And there is the Wall. You need to see it, Your Grace, to walk along its battlements and talk to those who man it. The Night’s Watch is a shadow of what it once was. Benjen says—† â€Å"No doubt I will hear what your brother says soon enough,† Robert said. â€Å"The Wall has stood for what, eight thousand years? It can keep a few days more. I have more pressing concerns. These are difficult times. I need good men about me. Men like Jon Arryn. He served as Lord of the Eyrie, as Warden of the East, as the Hand of the King. He will not be easy to replace.† â€Å"His son . . . † Ned began. â€Å"His son will succeed to the Eyrie and all its incomes,† Robert said brusquely. â€Å"No more.† That took Ned by surprise. He stopped, startled, and turned to look at his king. The words came unbidden. â€Å"The Arryns have always been Wardens of the East. The title goes with the domain.† â€Å"Perhaps when he comes of age, the honor can be restored to him,† Robert said. â€Å"I have this year to think of, and next. A six-year-old boy is no war leader, Ned.† â€Å"In peace, the title is only an honor. Let the boy keep it. For his father’s sake if not his own. Surely you owe Jon that much for his service.† The king was not pleased. He took his arm from around Ned’s shoulders. â€Å"Jon’s service was the duty he owed his liege lord. I am not ungrateful, Ned. You of all men ought to know that. But the son is not the father. A mere boy cannot hold the east.† Then his tone softened. â€Å"Enough of this. There is a more important office to discuss, and I would not argue with you.† Robert grasped Ned by the elbow. â€Å"I have need of you, Ned.† â€Å"I am yours to command, Your Grace. Always.† They were words he had to say, and so he said them, apprehensive about what might come next. Robert scarcely seemed to hear him. â€Å"Those years we spent in the Eyrie . . . gods, those were good years. I want you at my side again, Ned. I want you down in King’s Landing, not up here at the end of the world where you are no damned use to anybody.† Robert looked off into the darkness, for a moment as melancholy as a Stark. â€Å"I swear to you, sitting a throne is a thousand times harder than winning one. Laws are a tedious business and counting coppers is worse. And the people . . . there is no end of them. I sit on that damnable iron chair and listen to them complain until my mind is numb and my ass is raw. They all want something, money or land or justice. The lies they tell . . . and my lords and ladies are no better. I am surrounded by flatterers and fools. It can drive a man to madness, Ned. Half of them don’t dare tell me the truth, and the other half can’t find it. There are nights I wish we had lost at the Trident. Ah, no, not truly, but . . . â€Å"I understand,† Ned said softly. Robert looked at him. â€Å"I think you do. If so, you are the only one, my old friend.† He smiled. â€Å"Lord Eddard Stark, I would name you the Hand of the King.† Ned dropped to one knee. The offer did not surprise him; what other reason could Robert have had for coming so far? The Hand of the King was the second-most powerful man in the Seven Kingdoms. He spoke with the king’s voice, commanded the king’s armies, drafted the king’s laws. At times he even sat upon the Iron Throne to dispense king’s justice, when the king was absent, or sick, or otherwise indisposed. Robert was offering him a responsibility as large as the realm itself. It was the last thing in the world he wanted. â€Å"Your Grace,† he said. â€Å"I am not worthy of the honor.† Robert groaned with good-humored impatience. â€Å"If I wanted to honor you, I’d let you retire. I am planning to make you run the kingdom and fight the wars while I eat and drink and wench myself into an early grave.† He slapped his gut and grinned. â€Å"You know the saying, about the king and his Hand?† Ned knew the saying. â€Å"What the king dreams,† he said, â€Å"the Hand builds.† â€Å"I bedded a fishmaid once who told me the lowborn have a choicer way to put it. The king eats, they say, and the Hand takes the shit.† He threw back his head and roared his laughter. The echoes rang through the darkness, and all around them the dead of Winterfell seemed to watch with cold and disapproving eyes. Finally the laughter dwindled and stopped. Ned was still on one knee, his eyes upraised. â€Å"Damn it, Ned,† the king complained. â€Å"You might at least humor me with a smile.† â€Å"They say it grows so cold up here in winter that a man’s laughter freezes in his throat and chokes him to death,† Ned said evenly. â€Å"Perhaps that is why the Starks have so little humor.† â€Å"Come south with me, and I’ll teach you how to laugh again,† the king promised. â€Å"You helped me win this damnable throne, now help me hold it. We were meant to rule together. If Lyanna had lived, we should have been brothers, bound by blood as well as affection. Well, it is not too late. I have a son. You have a daughter. My Joff and your Sansa shall join our houses, as Lyanna and I might once have done.† This offer did surprise him. â€Å"Sansa is only eleven.† Robert waved an impatient hand. â€Å"Old enough for betrothal. The marriage can wait a few years.† The king smiled. â€Å"Now stand up and say yes, curse you.† â€Å"Nothing would give me greater pleasure, Your Grace,† Ned answered. He hesitated. â€Å"These honors are all so unexpected. May I have some time to consider? I need to tell my wife . . . â€Å" â€Å"Yes, yes, of course, tell Catelyn, sleep on it if you must.† The king reached down, clasped Ned by the hand, and pulled him roughly to his feet. â€Å"Just don’t keep me waiting too long. I am not the most patient of men.† For a moment Eddard Stark was filled with a terrible sense of foreboding. This was his place, here in the north. He looked at the stone figures all around them, breathed deep in the chill silence of the crypt. He could feel the eyes of the dead. They were all listening, he knew. And winter was coming. How to cite A Game of Thrones Chapter Four, Essay examples

Outline on Waste Management Plan - Get Free Sample On It

Question: what is the waste management plan? Answer: Redox Pty Limited 26-30 Gilbertson Road, Melbourne Redox Pty Limited 51-57 Buckhurst Street, South Melbourne VIC 3205 Manufacturing Melbourne Executive Summary This report will include a waste assessment conduct and planning and preparing draft for waste management at Redox located in Melbourne, NSW. The outcome of our investigation on this Australian firm will explains specific issues regarding to waste management in the firm, which needed to reduce over time. The report will first provide the information of the site following will explains the rationale for developing the plan according to the firm authorities and our observation. The report also explain and discuss the process through which the firm handles or can handle waste material by storing, classifying, transporting and disposing. It will also contain the waste material such as chemical stock which is damaged and unsalable and chemical packaging. The report also describes the procedure through which liquid and non-liquid waste of Redox branch disposed and issues in this process and recommendations for this is explained in the report. The analysis of waste management, its cost effectiveness and how much the firm can save from reducing the waste material or recycling them is discussed in the report. Site Description Redox is a leading commodity well known in Australia especially for chemical distribution work with 10 local sales offices throughout the country. There are more than 300 staff working in the firm and recorded A$453 million sales in last year. It will work with 140 industries in order to bring the best and efficient products across the world. It is well known for marketing organic and inorganic raw material. We reported and visited Redox firm is located in No. 2 Swettenham Road Minto of New South Wales. Waste types in the firm are recorded through their recently developed system; it will also record the quantities and method of disposal for all waste streams in the form of spreadsheet. Through the spreadsheet and the managing the record keeping allows Redox to obtain the information about the solid waste and inert waste which taken for landfill directly, how much quantity of chemical products and packaging going to be disposed, general waste contractor then remove the solid disposal weight and recycling waste (Redox Anuual Report, 2013). Typical waste generated by Redox which is generated regularly is office papers, packaging, stationary, shrink wrapping and kitchen putrescible waste. The current waste management plan followed by Redox is, the staff must place all drink containers made up of aluminium to appropriate bins with the plastic bag liners which would kept in the kitchens of marketing, shipping and warehouse department. Prior to disposal the containers are to be emptied of soft drink and rinsed with water. Those containers are then collected from bins on weekly basis. It is observed that the current waste management plan applied for Redox is not enough as compare to the bulk of waste collected on regular basis. Rationale for waste assessment During the operations handled at this site it is required to ensure the management of appropriate handling as well as storage and disposal of generated waste. They are required to outline Waste Management Plan for considering environmental impact it causes by dumping waste. The companys warehouse and general office rubbish includes stationary, plastic, glass or bottles, food and as the company primarily supply chemical, the shrink wrapping and empty chemical packaging can also be dumped into the waste bins (Woodyard and Chris, 2008). From disposing and minimizing waste they obviously want to cut costs around the office as much amount is spent on this office supplies. Due to this and to reduce impact on environment from their waste the company require to adopt some changes in the into their waste management plan to come up more successfully in future. The non-compactable items like empty drums, pallets, and large pieces of timber, metal, concrete are essential to sent to the waste treatment facilities (Mata, 2001). Most importantly the waste chemical packaging such as poison, liquid waste or DG has to be disposed by licensed supplier and there are some limitation the firm facing while disposing these wastes. Hence the waste not only adds clutter to the space but also it will be risky to store the waste, therefore finding quick and effective finding of removing waste is essential. Considering all these facts the firm needed to find some options that will be beneficial at the same time cost effective. Hence environment friendly waste management plan has to develop with minimal effort in this situation. The firm will need the solution over managing waste for immediate implementation and dispose the remaining waste efficiently. Methodology By accessing the complete firm and gathering the information on the waste produced and bins used to store and further moved to disposal, will help to somewhat estimate amounts of waste produced at the visited site and quantity of bins and containers available to store the waste are enough or not. To get specific information about the production of chemical raw material, their risks and importing the other supplies from Redox, meet and interviewed the Director of the firm, managers of marketing, shipping and warehouse department to get the exact working of waste management process. Through the series of interviews with the authorities and employees got the satisfied information. It is important to note the amount of material or supplies imported with the help of invoices and material management department (Geels, 2008) provides the information about the purchased items per month. When overall purchased information will gain, it gets easy to identify the area of improvement by utilizing new methods for improving the waste management for the office. The records of wasted utilities can be collected from the spreadsheet, developed to record quantity of solid or inert waste. It will also note the quantity of chemical products and packaging going to be disposed. The following are the major supplies that are purchased monthly, these are also the major contributors to the waste generated in the office. Table 1: Average monthly figure quantities Item Quantity Cost A4 Paper 2 Ream (1000 pages) $9.98 Acidic in solid form 10 package $349.20 Basic solutions in solid form 10 package $338.46 Non toxic salts 5 packages $169.23 Zink compounds 5 packages $202.24 Bottled Water 8 Packs (192 bottles) $64.00 Ink Cartridge 2 Black $79.05 Waste Generating Process It is possible to predict the approximate waste generated from the visited site with the help of director and staff. It is also found difficult to predict the quantities of atypical wastes that are damaged chemical product or packaging, empty drums and Intermediate bulk containers. According to NSW Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) hazardous on site noted are, Acidic solutions or acid in solid form, basic solutions, non-toxic salt, zinc compounds are majorly wasted. In the past year the Redox NSW site generated 41 tones hazardous which means approximately 3 tones hazardous per month of atypical waste (Singh, Krasowski and Singh 2011). This volume consists of damaged chemicals products or unsaleable packaging. At the site it is required to reconditioning or land filling of empty packaging and estimated 20 kg waste per empty drum and 65 kg waste per empty IBC. The procedure follow for cleaning during the operation is that, the chemical products split during the operations are immediately cleaned up and then they are placed into heavy duty plastic bags, the bags are labeled by the compound in it and then thrown into the wheelie bins which are specially designed for the class of products (Palmer and Paul, 2005). Later on the bins are moved for disposal. The bin containing categorize per disposable material will also be kept within a specific warehouse section (Glasbergen, 2007) which is special or designated for the class of product. Table 2: Average monthly waste Item Quantity Cost A4 Paper 0.5 Ream (250 pages) $2.49 A3 Paper 2 Reams (1000 pages) $35.96 Acidic in solid form 2 package $69.84 Basic solutions in solid form 2 package $67.69 Non toxic salts 1 packages $33.84 Zink compounds 1 packages $40.448 Bottled Water 8 Packs (192 bottles) $64.00 Ink Cartridge 1 Black $39.98 $354.248 Paper and cardboard are next prime waste material which should be recycled to avoid the environmental impact (Roper and William, 2006), to minimize the waste as well as reduce the cost of waste. Record must be kept because it demonstrates a step towards better waste management process. Due to record keeping standard or normal waste levels are establishes and maintaining of waste quantities record will help the firm to assess its operations performance with the waste management principles to avoid and minimize waste landfill requirement (Cary, 2008). In the waste generation process all staff is informed about placing all drink containers made up of aluminium to appropriate bins with the plastic bag liners which would kept in the kitchens of marketing, shipping and warehouse department. Prior to disposal the containers are to be emptied of soft drink and rinsed with water. Those containers are then collected from bins on weekly basis. The spreadsheet and records maintained will allow the standard level of waste establishments and also set trends in waste disposal (Roper and William, 2006). The waste records of sites will be maintained by the Coordinator of Regulatory Affairs as they have experience of statistical analysis of data over time. Programs and other waste management options like recycling and alternate packaging will be researched for avoiding and minimizing the waste avoidance objective. It is also suggested to Redox that they will have to design Annual report on environmental reporting. Results from Waste Management Analysis Our Bribros team are located just south of Melbourne's city centre and service our plastics business. For recycling the materials Cardboard and paper waste at office Warehouse Excess use of papers Different disposals of items From the above images we can get the visual idea about the wastage problem faced by Redox and as the site is located in large area and large amount of work has been carried on regular basis and number of worker are more, so the wastage produced also in more quantity. Number of bins is shown in one figure which will distinguish as per the material. We can implement some ideas from the observation which can help in implementing ideas to minimize waste. Analysis of results By inspecting the Redox waste management process, significant things are noticed such as the firm can not undertake any treatment processes for the damaged chemical product classified as waste and such processes can be managed under DEC which is a licensed waste facility. Responsibilities and Authority To manage the waste effectively it is important to divide the responsibilities and authorities to the specific person is important and it is significant aspect of waste management plan at Redox and is shown below: It is the responsibility of Regulatory Affair Coordinator to maintain a permanent record of all waste disposals and then report about it to the environment authorities when required (Redox Annual report, 2013). To classify all the waste, obtain disposable material and receiving all waste tracking documentation is done under observation of the Site Environmental Officer and it is his or her duty to report about the disposal to the coordinator of Regulatory Affairs. Store Manager should ensure that appropriate effort has been made to minimize the waste and also ensure that waste is fit for transport as it contains the damaged chemical packaging. It is responsibility of Product manager to exhaust all avenues for sale or return damaged or unsealed stock instead of sending to disposal. Compliance is essential factor of waste management and hence to ensure that all employees will use correct disposable method (Davoudi and Evans 2005) is responsibility of Store manager and coordinator. All employees working in Redox are abide by procedures that are specified in this waste management plan should be the employment condition. It is also significant to provide formal warning and guidance to employees who contravene these procedures. Other than the chemical waste other most important waste material is office papers, cardboard, fax and photocopy papers, envelopes, Manilla folders, Magazines, newspapers, cardboard milk cartons. To reduce the printout paper waste it is important to ensure errors before printing. If printing papers will reduces it will automatically reduces the ink cartridges. Recycling the office and print papers and cardboard are prime example of avoiding waste (Stoker, 2010). Waste management principles are applied to this area of waste by avoiding printing of unnecessary documents or emails, Both sides of paper can be used for printing, cardboard or paper can be separated for recycling, paper cannot be given to landfill for disposal. Table 3: Estimated Wastage through Changes Implemented Item Quantity Cost A4 Paper 0.2 Ream (50 pages) $0.99 A3 Paper 0.5 Ream (250 pages) $8.99 Acidic in solid form 1 package $34.92 Basic solutions in solid form 1 package $33.84 Non toxic salts 0 packages $0.00 Zink compounds 1 packages $40.44 Bottled Water 0 $0.00 Ink Cartridge 0.5 Black $19.99 $139.17 *Quantities are based on waste for an average month Table 3: Savings Accumulated Initial Wastage Cost Estimated Wastage Cost Savings $354.248 $139.17 $215.07 *Quantities are based on waste for an average month We can conclude from the calculation made throughout the report that, it is possible to reduce or minimize the waste by recycling or by using different technique and it will not only become profitable exercise for the company but it will also reduce the environmental impact occur from the companys waste (Landy, 2001). Hence it is not wrong to say that minimizing the waste will positively affect the office and site environment and will also cost effective for the company, when less products waste it automatically save the purchasing amount of supplies. It is also specified that through the simple waste management technique can tend vital impact socially, environmentally and economically. Recommendation One thing is clear from above discussion that is, by recycling and making plan for waste management the firm can achieve economic as well as environmental objectives by following simple and easy waste management clause. It is obviously possible with the effort and support of all the staff and employees, here are some recommendations for the firm for managing and recycling waste. The responsibility has to assign to the store manager to inform the coordinator of regulatory affairs, when there are non-compactable items on sites like empty drums, pallets and so on which requires recycling or disposal. Another waste will have to be recycled such as paper, card board and aluminium cans. The recycling program obtained through the workplace waste help to reduce environment impact and also save money. The morale and facilitation of team building are output of recycling program. One important section where require to pay more attention will be the solid chemical waste section. The non DG or Poison chemicals has to classify individually by the Regulatory Affairs Coordinator along with the operator of waste facility to identify that either they can go to landfill or not. If land filling is not appropriate option then the substance have to sent to licensed waste treatment facility. Redox can avoid and minimize waste generation by handling the product carefully during transport and storage. It is better to prefer repack and sold the damaged chemical product at reduced or no cost in every circumstance instead of disposal. It is preferred to recycle and use empty drums and IBC instead of disposing and raw materials are used to create new packing. It is also necessary to dispose the chemical material waste correctly and lawfully and given to licensed disposing authority with classification and tracking procedures. Reference List Woodyard, Chris 2008""Zero landfill" plants".USA Today. Retrieved9 March2011. Mata, T M 2001."Life cycle assessment of different reuse percentages for glass beer bottles".International Journal of Life cycle Assessment6(5): 5863. Retrieved28 June2014. Singh, J; Krasowski, Singh 2011,"Life cycle inventory of HDPE bottle-based liquid milk packaging systems",Packaging Technology and Science: Palmer, Paul 2005.Getting to Zero Waste. Purple Sky Press. ISBN0-9760571-0-7 Roper, William E. 2006. "Strategies for building material reuse and recycle".International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management6(3/4): 313345.. Cary, S. S. 2008."GM plans to dump use of landfills".USA Today. Retrieved23 September2008. Landy, M. 2001.environmentalism: a new approach to policy. Washington: George Marshall Institute. Davoudi, S., and Evans 2005. "The Challenge of governance in regional waste planning".Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy23: 493517. Stoker, G. 2010 "Governance as theory: five propositions".International Social Science Journal50(155): 17. Gandy, M (1994).Recycling and the Politics of Urban Waste. London: Earthscan Publications. Rhodes, R (1997). "The new governance: governing without government". In: R. from government to governance.".Public policy and administration8(2): 724. Glasbergen, P (2007).Partnerships, Governance, and Sustainable Development: Reflections on Theory and Practice. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Geels, F (2008).The feasibility of systems thinking in sustainable consumption and production policy: A report to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. London: DEFRA. Young, (2010). "Working towards a zero waste environment in Taiwan".Waste Management Research28: 236244. Frosch, R; Gallopoulos (1989). "Strategies for manufacturing".Scientific American261(3): 144152. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0989- 144 Redox Anuual Report, 2013